The Mass Shell

The relativistic mass shell E^2 = p^2 c^2 + m^2 c^4 for a single rest mass, drawn in (px c, py c, E) space as the two-sheeted hyperboloid of revolution E = +/- sqrt(1 + rho^2). The surface is built from dots placed uniformly in rapidity along meridians and uniformly in angle around rings, under an orthographic side camera with one declared vertical exaggeration of 1.35. The upper particle sheet is blue and the lower antiparticle sheet is gold.